
What is a Sexual Assault?
Sexual assault is one of the most common criminal offences brought before the courts today. There are countless victims of sexual assault who rightly deserve justice. However, many innocent people face false allegations resulting from a social night out, claims of assault from decades ago, or claims of assault from vengeful ex-partners.
Anyone charged with a sexual assault offence is forced to defend themselves against extremely serious criminal charges with maximum penalties, including lengthy terms of imprisonment. They also have to face the embarrassment and humiliation associated with such allegations.
Sexual assault is governed by the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). There are many different types of sexual assault-related offences, but all sexual assault allegations or charges should be treated very seriously.
In most sexual assault cases, the prosecution must prove that a sexual assault occurred by the accused without the victim's consent and knowing that the victim did not consent. The prosecution must prove this beyond a reasonable doubt.
Penalties for Sexual Assault offences
Sexual assault
Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person without the consent of the other person and who knows that the other person does not consent to the sexual intercourse is liable to imprisonment for 14 years.
Aggravated sexual assault
Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person without the consent of the other person and in circumstances of aggravation and who knows that the other person does not consent to the sexual intercourse is liable to imprisonment for 20 years.
Aggravated sexual assault in company
A person who has sexual intercourse with another person without the consent of the other person and who knows that the other person does not consent to the sexual intercourse in the company of another person or persons, and in circumstances of aggravation is liable to imprisonment for life.
Assault with intent to have sexual intercourse
Any person who, with intent to have sexual intercourse with another person: who intentionally or recklessly inflicts actual bodily harm on the other person or a third person who is present or nearby, or threatens to inflict actual bodily harm on the other person or a third person who is present or nearby by means of an offensive weapon or instrument, is liable to imprisonment for 20 years.
Sexual intercourse - child under 10
Any person who has sexual intercourse with a child under the age of 10 years is guilty of an offence. The maximum penalty: imprisonment for life.
Attempting, or assaulting with intent, to have sexual intercourse with a child under 10
Any person who attempts to have sexual intercourse with another person under the age of 10 years or assaults any such person with intent to have sexual intercourse shall be liable to imprisonment for 25 years.
Sexual intercourse - child between 10 and 16
Child between 10 and 14 Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 14 years is liable to imprisonment for 16 years.
Child between 10 and 14--aggravated offence Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 14 years in circumstances of aggravation is liable to imprisonment for 20 years.
Child between 14 and 16 Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person of or above the age of 14 years and under the age of 16 years is liable to imprisonment for 10 years.
Child between 14 and 16--aggravated offence Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person of or above the age of 14 years and under the age of 16 years in circumstances of aggravation is liable to imprisonment for 12 years.
Persistent sexual abuse of a child
A person who, on 3 or more separate occasions occurring on separate days during any period, engages in conduct in relation to a particular child that constitutes a sexual offence is liable to imprisonment for 25 years.
Procuring or grooming a child under 16 for unlawful sexual activity
Procuring children. An adult person who intentionally procures a child for unlawful sexual activity with that or any other person is guilty of an offence. The maximum penalty in the case of a child who is under the age of 14 years is imprisonment for 15 years, or in any other case imprisonment for 12 years.
Incest
Any person who has sexual intercourse with a close family member of or above the age of 16 years is liable to imprisonment for 8 years.
What is Sexual Touching?
In response to the Royal Commission’s Criminal Justice Report after recent cases of institutional child sexual abuse, the NSW Government passed new legislation to reform the area of sexual offences. Previously, offences such as ‘indecent assault’ and ‘acts of indecency’ were the relevant offences in this area. In order to remove the vagueness that these phrases produced, the NSW Government introduced new offences of ‘sexual touching’ and ‘sexual acts’ to replace them.
The charge of Sexual Touching (indecent assault) is very common and is often heard before a Magistrate in the Local Court. However, where the circumstances surrounding the assault are more serious or are aggravated, the DPP may elect to take the matter to the District Court, where the maximum penalty is 5 years imprisonment.
What is the difference between "Sexual Touching" & " Sexual Act"?
Sexual touching involves a physical act, whereas a sexual act does not have to involve a physical act. A sexual act can, for example, involve a person encouraging or forcing another to touch themselves for their gratification, without any physical touching taking place.
How do you know if the touching or act is Sexual?
Sexual Touching generally involves inappropriate touching of a sexual nature of a person's breasts, buttocks or genitals. Most Sexual Acts do not cause physical injuries or marks and may occur without any witnesses being present.
The test that is applied is: ‘would the reasonable person consider the touching or act to be sexual?’ The ‘reasonable person’ is a hypothetical person that the Courts use to resolve these issues. They are said to be a person with an ordinary degree of reason, prudence, care and foresight.
In determining whether the act is sexual or not, the Court considers factors such as:
- Where the person was allegedly touched (genital, anal or breast area)
- The alleged offender's intention for touching(sexual gratification or sexual arousal), and:
- Whether any aspects of the act makes it sexual
Penalties for Sexual Touching offences
Sexual Touching (previously Indecent Assault)
Any person who assaults another person over 16 years of age and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of Sexual Touching (indecency) on or in the presence of the other person is liable to imprisonment for 2 years in the Local Court and imprisonment for 5 years in the District Court.
Aggravated Sexual Touching
Any person who assaults another person in circumstances of aggravation, and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of Sexual Touching (indecency) on or in the presence of the other person is liable to imprisonment for 7 years.
Any person who assaults another person, and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of Sexual Touching (indecency) on or in the presence of the other person, is liable to imprisonment for 10 years, if the other person is between 10 and 16 years of age.
Any person who assaults another person, and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of Sexual Touching (indecency) on or in the presence of the other person, is liable to imprisonment for 16 years, if the other person is under the age of 10 years.
Penalties for Sexual Act offences
Sexual Act (previously Act of Indecency)
Any person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person under the age of 16 years, or incites a person under that age to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that or another person, is liable to imprisonment for 2 years.
Any person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person of the age of 16 years or above, or incites a person of the age of 16 years or above to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that or another person, is liable to imprisonment for 18 months.
Aggravated Sexual Act
Any person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person under the age of 16 years, or incites a person under that age to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that or another person, in either case in circumstances of aggravation, is liable to imprisonment for 5 years.
Any person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person of the age of 16 years or above, or incites a person of the age of 16 years or above to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that or another person, in either case in circumstances of aggravation, is liable to imprisonment for 3 years.
Any person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person under the age of 10 years, or incites a person under that age to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that or another person, is liable to imprisonment for 7 years.
A person who commits a Sexual Act (act of indecency) with or towards a person under the age of 16 years, or incites a person under the age of 16 years to commit a Sexual Act with or towards that person or another person, and who knows that the Sexual Act is being filmed for the purposes of the production of child abuse material, is liable to imprisonment for 10 years.
What are aggravating circumstances?
Whether a sexual offence was committed in circumstances of aggravation will depend on the offence the accused is charged with. The aggravating circumstances will vary depending on the offence. It is enough for the prosecution to prove only one aggravating circumstance to prove that the offence was aggravated.
Aggravating circumstances may include:
- The offender intentionally or recklessly inflicted actual bodily harm;
- The offender threatened the victim or other people present by using a weapon;
- The offender was in the company of other people;
- The victim is under 16 years of age;
- The victim is under the authority of the offender;
- The victim has a serious physical disability;
- The victim has a cognitive impairment;
- The offender breaks into a building with the intention of committing the offence; and
- The offender deprives the victim of their liberty before or after the offence.
What sentencing options are available?
This depends on the age of the victim. If the victim is aged 16 and under, a custodial sentence (prison term) will be highly likely.
If the victim is under 16 years of age, an Intensive Corrections Order is not available as a sentencing option. An Intensive Correction Order means that the Judge or Magistrate has determined that the offender is suitable for a prison sentence, however, decides that they can serve their time in the community. This means that if you are found guilty for an offence of this type against a victim under the age of 16, you will either need to be granted a lower grade sentence known as a Community Correction Order (CCO) or receive a full-time custodial sentence. There is no longer any other available sentencing option for this offence.
Can I fight sexual assault charges?
Defences vary for sexual assault offences. If someone has been charged with sexual assault, consent may be a defence. The knowledge of the victim’s capacity to consent is important. For example, in charges of sexual assault where a person has a cognitive impairment, it is a defence if you did not know the victim had a cognitive impairment.
What if they consented?
Consent is not a defence for certain sexual assault offences. For example, offences against children and persons with cognitive impairment is not a defence because those persons are not capable of giving consent.
What if you are married to the victim?
Even if you are married to the person it is alleged you have committed the sexual assault offence against, you are can still be charged with sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault in company, and sexual assault with intent to have sexual intercourse.
Offences and Penalties
SEXUALLY TOUCH ANOTHER PERSON WITHOUT CONSENT - (LPC:93656)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61KC(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $5,500.
› District Court: 5 years imprisonment.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL TOUCHING - incite another person to sexually touch them without consent - (LPC:93666)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61KD(1)(b)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 7 years imprisonment and or a fine with a 5 year standard non-parole period.
CARRY OUT SEXUAL ACT TOWARDS ANOTHER PERSON WITHOUT CONSENT - (LPC:93672)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61KE(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 18 months imprisonment.
› District Court: 18 months imprisonment.
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF 10 YEARS - (SI) - (LPC:85916)
Crimes Act 1900, section 66A(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: Life imprisonment with a 15 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: Life imprisonment with a 15 year standard non-parole period.
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITHOUT CONSENT - (SI) - (LPC:271)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61I
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 14 years imprisonment with a 7 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT - inflict actual bodily harm on victim - (SI) - (LPC:272)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 61J(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT - victim under the age of 16 - (SI) - (LPC:274)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 61J(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT - offender in company with other person(s) - (SI) - (LPC:277)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 61J(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT - victim under authority of offender - (SI) - (LPC:280)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 61J(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: 20 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT in company and inflict actual bodily harm - (SI) - (LPC:43395)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61JA(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: Life imprisonment with a 15 year standard non-parole period.
AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT in company and deprive liberty - (SI) - (LPC:43397)
Crimes Act 1900, section 61JA(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: Life imprisonment with a 15 year standard non-parole period.
ASSAULT CHILD UNDER 10 YEARS with intent to have sexual intercourse - (SI) - (LPC:93688)
Crimes Act 1900, section 66B
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 25 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
› Supreme Court: 25 years imprisonment with a 10 year standard non-parole period.
HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH CHILD aged between 10 years and 14 years - (SI) - (LPC:93692)
Crimes Act 1900, section 66C(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 16 years imprisonment with a 7 year standard non-parole period.
INTENTIONALLY SEXUALLY TOUCH CHILD under 10 years old - (SI) - (LPC:93701)
Crimes Act 1900, section 66DA(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 16 years imprisonment with an 8 year standard non-parole period.
INTENTIONALLY SEXUALLY TOUCH CHILD between 10 years and 16 years - (LPC:93710)
Crimes Act 1900, section 66DB(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 10 years imprisonment.
INTENTIONALLY CARRY OUT SEXUAL ACT towards a child under 10 years - (LPC:93718)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66DC(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 7 years imprisonment.
INTENTIONALLY CARRY OUT SEXUAL ACT towards a child between 10 years and 16 years - (LPC: 93726)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66DD(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment.
› District Court: 2 years imprisonment.
FILMING SEXUAL ACT WITH CHILD under 16 years for production of child abuse material - (LPC:93741)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66DF(a)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 10 years imprisonment.
PERSISTENT SEXUALLY ABUSE A CHILD - (maintain an unlawful sexual relationship) - (LPC:93750)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66EA(1)
Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: Life imprisonment.
› Supreme Court: Life imprisonment.
PROCURE CHILD BETWEEN 14 YEARS AND 16 YEARS for unlawful sexual activity - (LPC:67839)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66EB(2)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 12 years imprisonment with a 5 year standard non-parole period.
PROCURE CHILD UNDER 14 YEARS for unlawful sexual activity - (LPC:67840)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66EB(2)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $11,000.
› District Court: 15 years imprisonment with a 6 year standard non-parole period.
PROVIDE BENEFIT TO PROCURE A CHILD (under 14 years) for unlawful sexual activity when the child is under the person’s authority - (LPC:93751)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66EC(2)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $5,500.
› District Court: 6 years imprisonment.
PROVIDE BENEFIT TO PROCURE A CHILD (over 14 years) for unlawful sexual activity when the child is under the person’s authority - (LPC:93752)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66EC(2)
Maximum Penalty:
› Local Court: 2 years imprisonment and or a fine of $5,500.
› District Court: 6 years imprisonment.
CARER HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH PERSON who has cognitive impairment - (LPC:67742)
Crimes Act 1900, Section 66F(2)
› Maximum Penalty:
› District Court: 10 years imprisonment.
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